What a Parquet file is
Apache Parquet is a file format for tables of data. Instead of storing one row after another like a CSV file, it stores each column together, compressed, in blocks of rows called row groups, with a footer that describes the columns and their types. That makes it small and fast for data tools, and it is why data engineering and analytics software uses it everywhere: Apache Spark, pandas and Polars, DuckDB, Snowflake, BigQuery, Databricks and the big cloud platforms.
You usually receive one because someone exported data for you: a cloud billing or usage report, a database or data-warehouse export, a dataset from an open-data portal or a machine-learning collection, or a file a data team shared instead of a spreadsheet.